Although modern studies have indicated that affluent youth are potentially at risk for emotional distress and substance use (Csikszentmihalyi & Schneider.

Although modern studies have indicated that affluent youth are potentially at risk for emotional distress and substance use (Csikszentmihalyi & Schneider, 2000; Blum et al., 2000; Luthar & D'Avanzo, 1999; Way, Strauber, Nakkula, & London, 1994) little effort has gone into investigating the adjustment and well-being of this population (Luthar & Becker, 2002) Contrary to popular belief, coin does not necessarily make individual less at risk for mental illness (Czechzentmehayli, 1999) Specifically, affluent suburban adolescents have been shown to be at greater risk for depression and physic use than are both middle-class and lower-class samples of youth (Luthar & D'Avanzo, 1999)

Regardless of socioeconomic status (SES) adolescents experience increased rates of depression and substance use as they insert their teen years (Hankin et al., 1998; Blum et al., 2000) Among the two high school and middle institute students, upper SES adolescents are more likely to become detrudeed and use illegal substances than are their lower income counterparts (Luthar & D'Avanzo, 1999) While female adolescents in general experience higher rates of depression than do adolescent males (Petersen Sarigiani, & Kennedy 1991; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990; Hankin et al., 1998) upper SE females are more likely to report depressive symptoms than are their lower SE females (Way et al., 1994; Luthar & D'Avanzo, 1999) Whereas male adolescents report more increased substance use than females (Blum et al., 2000; Luthar & D'Avanzo, 1999) affluent suburban males have been base to be more likely to use remedys than do their lower-income counterparts (Luthar & D'Avanzo, 1999) Taken together, the previously stated findings indicate a ne for further research forward affluent adolescents who are potentially at risk for maladjustment.

Way, Strauber, Nakkula, and London (1994) reported that depression and put drugs into use were significantly related among high-income, suburban adolescents, if it were not that not low-income urban adolescents. In their qualitative analysis, Way et al. (1994) reported different reasons for substance use between their high- and low-income samples. The more affluent adolescents reported using remedys as a means to "escape from problems" or "relax." In general, affluent teen were more likely to use remedys as a way to cope with distress. Urban adolescents typically reported using unsalable articles because of peer pressure or to have drollery These findings are consistent with those of Luthar and D'Avanzo (1999) who propose that affluent youth use mix with drugss to alleviate personal distress.

Adolescent Depression and Substance Use

Adolescence is a period of rapid maturational and social change, and youth who do not adjust well to the challenges during this identity-forming stage of growth may commence a pattern of pathology that influences what may occur hereafter development (Clarizio, 1989; Ebata et al., 1990) the two clinical levels of depressive symptomatology and substance use among adolescents have been base to have a negative impact upon future development. While depression and substance use are vehemently associated among affluent adolescent females, substance use of the same heights are highest among upper-class males, leaving the one and the other males and females within this population at risk for negative developmental outcomes

late longitudinal studies designed to examine adult consequences of adolescent depression give support to the notion that single in kind does not outgrow depression experienced during adolescence. disgraceed adolescents are more likely than their nondepressed counterparts to experience depression as adults. These findings are used by all across both clinical (Rao, Hammen, & Daley, 1999; Harrington, twaddle Rutter, Pickles, & Hill, 1990; Weissman et al., 1999) and community (Bardone, Moffitt, Caspi, Dickson & Silva, 1996; Hankin et al. 1998; Lewinsohn, Rohde Klein, & Seeley 1999; Pine, Cohen, Gurley abide & Ma, 1998) samples.

In addition to an increased risk of developing major depression disorder in the to come some common adult psychosocial consequences of adolescent depression include: poor functioning in the nature and quality of romantic relationships and academics (Rao et al., 1999); lower educational achievement (Rao et al., 1995); general social impairment in areas of work and family (Weissman et al., 1999; lack of train completion, increased drug use, and an increased likelihood of being pregnant before age 21 (Bardone et al., 1996); impairment in relationships with friends, lower overall satisfaction with life, and lower global functioning (Rao et al., 1995); and elevated risks of psychiatric hospitalization (Harrington et al., 1990)

Similar to the long-term impacts of adolescent depression in succession adult outcomes, studies examining long-term efficiencys of adolescent substance use institute continuity in substance use athwart different developmental periods leading into adulthood. Evidence of substance use in early adolescence has been shown to predict late adolescent substance use and adult maladjustment (Stacy & Newcomb 1999; bear with Balka, Gursen, Brook, & Shapiro, 1997; Newcomb & Bentler, 1988; Kandel, Simcha-Fagan, & Davies, 1986) In a 13-year longitudinal studious mood of a community sample of female adolescents, substance use in adolescence significantly predicted multiple drug-use puzzles as adults (Stacy & Newcomb 1999) In addition to predicting adult remedy problems, adolescent substance use in females has been set to predict delinquent behavior and theft in adulthood (Kandel et al., 1986)